Strategy And Operation Management In Business Commerce Essay

Strategy And Operation Management In Business Commerce EssayCompanies and organisations ar devising and delivering products, whether it is for profit or not for profit it relies on the exploites to get their products manuf bearured properly and another thing that is kept in school principal is that the products should be delivered on time, and both process acts as an operation for the fraternity. To the comp whatever this is essential, that is why managers find operation management very attractive.Operations Management objectivesOperation management objectives is a very large-minded term for any art, which has a peachy impact on categories like Sh atomic number 18holders, nodes and employees. Fol firsting are the main categoriesSuppliers trading operations of a company has a great effect on its suppliers, as to go through a supplier network which is more effective which drive out help in improve busienss.Customers Customers is the most grievous stir up for pedigree as they are ones through which company makes profit, management of operation should always be done exerting in mind the aspire market.Shareholders evince onholders washstand only get the benefit if the problem is making good money which can only be achieved by proper management of processes at each level. Employees employees are the one who makes a company and runs it so in ramble to make their job easy and keep them motivated towards work a company should have a proper management of operations in every department and at every level.Society Scoiety effects any strain externally though it might not have any direct relation with the company economically. But over the recent years social responsibleness has become a part of seam world and directly being socilally responsible is important for almost every company which is why most of the companies now manage their operations keeping in mind their social rexponsibility. (Slack,N., et al. (2004) 4th Ed)Operation Management i n Exxon MobilHistoryExxon mobil operates its petrochemical facilities or marketing product general and its industry leader almost every aspest. Exxon mobil was created by the marger of Exxon (Esso parent company) and its idea is nothing new.The corporate entities that one day Exxon and Mobil become a common share ancestry. The stock Oil Trust founded by John D Rockefeller in 1882. Under this umbrella, two organisations , the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and the Standard Oil Company of New York ware formed. Jersey Standard and Socony, as they were commonly known, were the predecessors of Exxon and Mobil. In early years both companies expanding their oil and petrochemical bloodline nearly the world. Finaly they realised that they can operate more competitively and effectively as an organisation. Its merger completed on 30 Nev, 1999.(http//www.exxonmobil.com)Operational Management in Exxon MobilExxon Mobil conducts job in such(prenominal) a way that is compatible with the en vironmental and economic regards of all communities in which they operates safety, health and security of their employees, those involved in their operation, customer and public. These policies put into practice through a disciplined management framework called operation management.Its reflect their health, safety,environment and product saftey policies to commitment of highest operational standerds and performence. They use a systemetic get along called Operational Integrity Management System (OIMS). They developed this system to provide strong and healthy framework for managing healthy environment, safety and security risks. They used thier facilities universal to measure progress and ensure management accountability for best result in oil and petrochemical.Operation CompetitivnessExxon Mobil has a long history of leadership in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. They follow discipline and commitment in performing their business strategies have led to sustainable competi tive aspects.Technology They maintain a droll commitment for advancment in technology in all their business functions consistently investing more than the competition.Integrity Their approach is very clear to ethics and business integrity is reflected in all their activities. Their objects to report that are clear to understand by investors.Capital Discipline They take a disciplined, long-term approach to making investment decision.Operational Excellence They maintain a clear focus on the performance of their business.Employees Their exceptional prime(prenominal) of their workforce is a long-standing competitive advantage.universal Experience Their globaly presence allow them to build a existing business experience to capture opportunities in higher-growth region to attrect mor business.Diversity of Operations Their geographic multifariousness and complementary nature of Upstream, Downstream and Chemical business mitigate sensitivity to fluctuation in individual business line an d market.Financial strength Their gold flow and financial position, combined with a good credit rating allow them to pursue all profitable opportunities.ExxonMobil increases global capacityIts started its newest high capability co-generation plant at its Antwerp refinery in Belgium.Co-generation is process of producing both electricity and steam or heat at the same time which is consequently used for fruit or running factories. In addition to that the new plant will also help in reduction of carbon dioxice which is being omitted by approxmately 200000 tonnes per year. The blanket management at ExxonMobil is salutary aware of the of energy and cost which go hand in hand, the management has been able to produce energy at low cost and they have also kept in mind the importance of being environment friendly. As the improtance of business ethics is increasing the management at ExxonMobil is also trying to preform their part in being social responsible.The new plant has also allowed to produce enough energy which can then be used to rum compressors, pumps and any other equipment. The plant also produces heat and steam which is used to convert crude oil into varied refinded petrolium products. (http//www.businesswire.com)ESSOEsso benefit Station throught out UK are owned by Exxon Mobil, which is one of the biggest chain of service station in the UK.There are about 196 Tesco Shops at Esso aid Stations throughout Uk Which provide service and make their life more convenient.LocationFor any business status is very important for success that is why many businesses put so many emphases on location. In retail business there are three main factors for success and they are location, location and location,Management in Esso also understand importance of location in business that is way location for each Essos outlet has been very well planned. Esso has outlet in all major cities and try cover maximum amount of customer in particular region. For any outlet the managem ent of Esso conceder following factors.AccessibilityFeasibilityConvenienceCompetitorTarget marketProcessBusiness process is the way in which a company do its business and there is different levels which need to have a different process i.e. each level requires a different approach and every level has different tasks. Business process can be a ap stay to success for any business as it helps in achieving the objectives of the company, for many companies business process the key competitive edge over their competitors. For good business process it is necessary that there is a consistency through the levels of business process and different business processes should be well integrated with each other and should be in line with the main objectives of the company.At Esso each and every process is developed in such a way that it facilitates to achieve the overall business strategy. Business processes are defined in as such that process at every level is well integrated. While developing t he business process for every level the management at Esso have maintained the overall vision and goal of the company.TQMTotal Quality Management (TQM) is a new tool used by management in order to improve the quality of products run and processes with in the company in order to be more effecient and productive. It is being used by many companeis as tool to provide competitive advantage amongst competitors.TQM has four-spot main stages which are Plan, Do, reassure and Act which is also reffered to PDCA cycle. It starts with planning which is the first and one of the most important part of TQM where the problem area is being place and relavent information is being gathered. The next stage is do where a solution is being implemented in order to solve the problem, the next stage is Check where special tools and strategies are developed in order to tack the performance of solution that was being implemented in the early stage. The last stage is act where changes are being made if pro belm still continues.(http//searchcio.techtarget.com)Total Quality Management at EssoThe management at Esso knows the importance of TQM very well in such a competitive world. To achieve this, the management at Esso has taken few steps at each level of the organisation like,Defining the vision of the companySetting targetsDeveloping business processesCompatible staffTrainingPerformance reviewsAt operation level i.e. at interpose level in order to give customers a quality service and to provide customer satisfaction the staff is given proper training for how to operate and run a store they are provided with all product knowledge so as to help customers with their queries. The products and service offered to the customers are well checked for quality purposes before displaying it at any store. (http//www.exxonmobil.co.uk)FlexibilityFlexibility is one of the most important factor for any business but one thing should be kept in mind that in order to make the processes of a compnay flex ible changes should be made in such a way that it becomes a part of the overall strategy. The business should be flexible enough to so that the changes could be made when the need arises and order to do so there should be a margin for flexibleness at every level of the company. As flexibility mainly depends in the processes and systems of the business operation.For any business it is important to have systems and operations which are technologically fast and easy to make changes in order to respond to the changing environment and changing needs of customers.The basic concept of flexibility in business means that how fast can a business respond to the changing enviroment and needs of customers. As environment keeps on changes over time it is important to have business process which is flexible enough to make changes when required, as time as always uncertain which shows the importance of a business being flexible.(http//marketingdeviant.com) supple Workplace at EssoThey committed a b est choice of employer of thier highly qualified employees and during recurits they achieving and maintaining the highest levels of workplace produstivity. Flexibility program at esso are essential part of commitment as they help employees. ExxonMobil knows the importance of the workforce in achieving the overall goal of the company that is why the management of the company keeps in mind the need and values of the diversied workforce, which is highly qulified and skilled. In order to keep the employees motivated and to make them more effective and efficient the management always has always tried to keep the wokplace as flexible as possible.Attract and keep the most qualified and talented people.Address the several individual needs and expectations of employees and recruits.Maximize produce the goods.Its operations all over the world, each country has a unique flexibility programe due to culture, legal reqrirements and infrastructure. Example of flexibility at workplace and employee program are listed belowFlexible work arrangementsThere are several customised programs developed at ExxonMobil keeping in mind the needs, desires and expectations of the work force. Some of the key point to make the enviroment flexible is as followsWork place which is adabtableWork targets on weekly basisWorker categories as part-time, full-time and RegularWorking hours which can by adjusted accroding to workers needs and suitabilityPersonal TimeTime off and paid holidays are given to all employees. Time off can taken because of the following main reasonsImmediate death in close familyEmergenciesChild birth or adoption of childRealocation which is company initiatedCummunit service activities which are being sponsored by the companySkill leavesOther personanal needsLeaves of absencewhich includes leaves for personnal health or care issues related to to any dependant, which also includes military services and other personal needsOther programsOther programs inculdeDiscounts on produ ctsHealth programFitness programAdvance holidays and VacationsFinancial CounselingMembership for adept scientific and professional societiesAssistance with adoptionRefund program related to educationReallocation program related to spousProgram related to matching gifts aid awardsBusiness Process OutsourcingBPO is a form of outsourcing which is related to information technology. In this process a third party is hired to provide services related to information technology such as software application development management and software application maintenance, operations related to data centre, testing and quality assurance related to IT.ExxonMobilExxonMobil started to outsource is paytroll function which then included to Employee benefits management. ExxonMobil now have outsourced its whole IT functions.(www.sourcingmag.com/content/what_is_bpo.asp)Outsourcing at essoCMG plc, the European information technology services company recently floated on the London and Amsterdam stock exchan ges, signed an outsourcing agreement with Esso UK, worth almost 15 million over its five-year term. Under the agreement, CMG has started to carry out the overall project management of Essos IT programme in the UK over the five years. CMG will be responsible for selecting other suppliers to provide complimentary or additional skills as necessary, and for ensuring that projects will be delivered on time and on budget.( www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=15005)

Importance Of Explicit Knowledge Information Technology Essay

Importance Of Explicit cognition In conformityation Technology EssayThis document deals about the importance of Explicit Knowledge in the presidencys. Most of the companionship occurs in the establishments in the form of tacit familiarity. Here we deal with how to transform the tacit experience to app bent familiarity. The accumulation, storage and re ingestion of the intelligible knowledge. Here we ar talking about the barriers in the acquiring of explicit knowledge. The use of technology for the purpose of accumulation, storing and reuse of knowledge is also discussed.Todays business environs knowledge is emerged as a driving force in the judicature. The knowledge actors and their ability are genuinely definitive (LI , BRAKE,CHAMPION ,FULLER,GABEL AND HATCHER-BUSCH 2009 347). Recent studies show that organizations success depends on its ability to learn and adapt to particular situation. The unique performance in the organization is the key to outperform their competi tor.(LI , BRAKE,CHAMPION ,FULLER,GABEL AND HATCHER-BUSCH 2009 348). In organization there are in general two types of knowledge exist tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge .Scholars noticed that most part of human knowledge is present in the form of tacit knowledge (UNGAN (2006)403) . Its in the minds of the people. Explicit Knowledge is the knowledge that is expressed and documented. The documented and codified knowledge leave alone feature a structure and is considerably accessed by others. (STOVER 2004 164).To create true knowledge it is necessary to see tacit and explicit knowledge as complementary and both are needed to knowledge creation.IMPORTANCE OF EXPLICIT carry outTacit knowledge is something that is acquired by individuals experience in particular area. It help him to find antecedent for problems faster than his colleagues It is acquired through one time experience and experiment in particular field (STOVER 2004 165). Articulating the tacit knowledge, making tacit knowledge explicit is very important in the perspective of the organization (STOVER 2004 165).Explicit knowledge is described in structured language. It is mainly more technical data this knowledge is gained mostly through titular education or by structured study .This will help organizations to preserve their huge knowledge capital from losing. When employees leave organization they take with them the huge amount of knowledge. (STOVER 2004 165). Valuable Knowledge will be wasted if organizations fails to collect , standardize and store and distribute the knowledge.The KM scholars believes that the articulation of knowledge helps the organization and individuals to access the knowledge in a cost effective way. Explicit knowledge is carefully organized and stored in data bases in priority basis .It should be accessible with high part , fast and easily. The explicit knowledge thunder mug be reused for sole problems of similar kind (SMITH 2001 315).For instance Anderson consulting created methods to codify store and reuse explicit knowledge. They used a people to document approach. It took information from person who developed it and made independent to its developer. All the sensitive information is removed and it tooshie be used in the same similar context (SMITH 2001 315).When knowledge is dowryd among the members of the organization , it can be viewed as organizational history and experience (BONTIS 1998 64). In small companies they cover their knowledge is by training the new employees. Its a costly process. Thats where the importance of computer based learning comes. Transformation of tacit to explicit knowledge is important here (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001330). If a expert employee got sick or left the organization the expertise of that employee is not available for a fixed amount of time or permanently (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001331). In job market skilled and experienced workers are jumpting retired. New young workers are replacing the m . So there is a high demand for sharing of experience . This can be possible by the articulation of tacit knowledge they have gained from their experience (JACKSON 2010915).EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE CREATION EXPLAINED IN S.E.C.I AND BA MODELIn S.E.C.I model externalization phase deals with the transformation of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. For knowledge transformation they use different methods. whatsoever of the methods are storytelling , narrative and using some IT medias like emails, chat rooms etc. The knowledge should be structured so as it should provide accessible and reusable. Externalization should be structured then the knowledge can be made sensible and available for potential users(JACKSON 2010911).Top management can influence the externalization of knowledge. They can encourage the teams to develop their own metaphor for what they should do (RICHTNER AND AHLSTROM 20101020).The creation of concept of a new product is the example of externalization. In combination p hase the extracted knowledge is standardized and systematic procedures to combine the knowledge using computer database or an expert system. The internalization deals with the transformation of explicit knowledge again to tacit knowledge by the use of stored explicit knowledge.(STOVER 2004 165).The meaning of Ba is place . Ba does not mean only the physical blank shell . It is the concept of interaction . For the creation of knowledge a space is necessary. This space may be a physical one or a realistic like online one. There are four types of Ba . Among that dialoguing ba deals with the face to face interaction . It is the space where individuals share knowledge. The process of tacit to explicit knowledge revolution happens here. Dialoguing ba is more structured than the previous ba . In systematic ba the collected knowledge is combined to a more structured form. The use of information technology like online networks , group ware etc contribute to systemizing ba .The excersiing ba where the stored knowledge is shared through virtual media or grade etc. The healthy interaction between all these ba can amblify the knowledge creation ( Nonaka,I.Toyama,R and Konno,N.(2000) 16-17).BARRIERS IN KNOWLEDGE ARTICULATIONConverting tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge is a tedious job. As we said tacit knowledge is embedded in the minds of the individuals. This make it difficult to formalize and express. There are some personal issues in articulating the knowledge. Individuals believe that articulating the knowledge one may lose his competitive advantage. Some people believe their knowledge is not worth expressing . Some KM scholars believe that language barriers also hinder the transformation of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. (STOVER 2004 166)The culture of the organization also may be a factor that hinders knowledge generation and sharing in the organization. There may be political issues between the departments that pr even offt the get rid of of knowl edge. Sharing culture is very important before implementing any strategies in any organization (Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 100).Knowledge transfer requires groups or individuals to work together and share their expertise and knowledge. The knowledge transfer does not occur unless group or individuals shows a co-operate behavior(SYED-IKHSAN AND ROWLAND 2004 96). Individualism is one of the major factors that hinder the creation and transfer of knowledge in any organization ( Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 100). For the sharing of knowledge there should be trust among the employees. In project team leadership style also effect the process of knowledge sharing(MA,QI AND WANG 2008101).The autocratic style leaders give no chance for the team members to participate and share knowledge. While the democratic style leaders encourages team members to interact and share knowledge (MA,QI AND WANG 2008101).Another factor that hinders the knowledge sharing in the public organization is limite d access to the resources (Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 100).Time is one of the major factors that inhibits the process of articulating the tacit knowledge. Most of the employees have a little time for articulating their knowledge. Patrick and Lee done research and they contradicted the views of Richard and Kabjian who says the fear of losing superiority and reward system are inhibitors of knowledge sharing. They also argues that the size of the social club is not a problem in knowledge transferring (FONG LEE 2009304)Some KM scholars like Swartz and Marwick argues technology is unable to provide a complete solution for knowledge enamor . At many instance the experts find it is very difficult to trigger a knowledge person by query unless they are put into problem situation (JACKSON 2010 911). Researchers found that the fear of not being adequately rewarded is the one of the barrier for the knowledge sharing.CAPTURING KNOWLEDGEAs we said conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit k nowledge is difficult. There are several ways in which tacit knowledge can be made explicit. The formal ways of interviewing is a useful method. In interviews participants are asked structured questions. This format of interview should be made such that they shouldnt feel that the articulation is happening (STOVER 2004 166-167).The direct of details available in documentation depends on the purpose of documentation (UNGAN 2006 404).For conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge the interviewer should accompany the knowledge worker in his process. In between the knowledge can be articulated. For this formal language is used (UNGAN 2006407) . Individuals poses high level of tacit knowledge . If organizations fail to cutting it then it cannot be made explicit and will not reach its fullest potential (BONTIS 199866).The character of knowledge managers is very important. He can encourage the employees to share their knowledge and make them explicit (STOVER 2004 166-167). T he knowledge management is riskier unless the organizations take initiatives and reward system for sharing of knowledge (SMITH 2001 312). For instance Buckman Laboratories recognizes their knowledge in their annual conference. lotus one of the divisions of IBM evaluates the customer support workers on the basis of their knowledge sharing activities (BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 2002 64). Xerox developed a system called Eureka which is meant for the maintenance engineers to share their ideas and experience .Once these ideas are posted they are verified and made available for service engineers all over the world. This help the Xerox in saving $100 cardinal . Companies like Cap Gemini Ernst Young makes merit decision based on the knowledge sharing activity of its employees .In these companies the people who are posting ideas are evaluated and then posted into the knowledge contribution database(BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 200267).Technology is important in collecting and codifying knowledge. There should be a strong framework for the systematic storing of knowledge. IT itself cannot helps something to get out of someones head. It is the business office of managers to find out what is important for the organization . Some KM theorist like Pawar doubts the centralization of knowledge. He states that centralization of knowledge will reduce the cost of sharing the knowledge . He agrees the role of role of technology plays in the acquiring, storing and structured distribution of knowledge . Combining the intellectual blank space with IS will help the individual intellectual property to the group property (BONTIS 199866).KM combined with It will support the data mining and sharing of explicit knowledge (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001 333).Internet is one of the major repository of explicit knowledge(WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001 335). Knowledge exchange protocols can be used in transferring tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. SOAP protocol which is used by physicians is one of the examples. This protocol helps to structure clinician patient conversation and helps to share issues by understanding the physicians thinking. This also helps in documentation of patient medical examination record (HERSCHEL,NEMATI AND STEIGER 2001107).New generation tools such as wikis , blogs ,social networking etc. helps a greater collaboration in work place. This will solve some of the problems associated with knowledge capturing. These forms even can accommodate videos , images etc. It can be used to capture informal indicates of tacit knowledge (BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 200264).This videos and images can then be summarized based on the content . They can be linked to topics of relevance and stored. These can be accessed through portals later (COAKES 2006583). Mobile technology can be used for the capture of knowledge .In organizations there will be mobile workers will be advantaged by these technology. The challenge is how to incorporate the this knowledge to main memory. I nformation technology can be used as a powerful tool. It can be transformed from the role of storing and retrieving data to improve access to knowledge by removing the spatial obstacles of knowledge transfer. IT has got a ability to spread knowledge across different departments of the organizations (TOHIDINIA AND MOSAKHANI 2010 615).CONCLUSIONFor any organization the Knowledge is very important. The conversion of Tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge is very risky process. There are the barriers like individualism, politics inside the organizational departments. The factor of trust plays a major role in conversion of knowledge . For some small companies the cost of knowledge sharing is not affordable. Technology can play a major role in the tacit to explicit knowledge transfer. There are new generation technologies that can be used for the this purpose. The reward system is one factor that will encourage knowledge transfer. The role of the management in promoting the knowledge conv ersion is very important . The uniqueness of knowledge the organization owns will brig the organization the competitive advantage.

Thomas Paine and Common Sense :: Papers

Thomas Paine and Common SenseIn early 1776 the sentiment meet the idea of revolution was evenly divided in Britains colonies in America. The feelings were split evenly between those for a revolt, those opposing it and those who were neutral. In January 1776 Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense. The ideas and theories express in the pamphlet were very compelling and thorough. Compelling enough to sway much of the undecided colonists to agree that revolt is the necessary course of action. Paine states in the presentment to Common Sense a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right, and raises at fist a salmagundiidable outcry in defense of custom. This argument is not one of listing injustices or even tenablenesss for revolt but it does provoke the lecturer to decide if his thoughts are genuine or from not thinking critically about the times and situations. Now that we my suffer ourselves to examine the component parts of the side Constitution, the faults shall be found. Paine argues one theoretical position that could influence those loyal to the King himself. If the British constitution is a system of checks and balances and the commons are the check on the king then this infers, That the king is not to be trusted. This brings to light an underlying fault with the way the British system of government is arranged. Paine is against a divided form of government. He feels that simpler government is best. That way the people know whom to hold responsible. He also feels the king did not get better with the creation of a put up government only subtle. He later states that the system, hath all the distinctions of an house divided against itself. He then again makes the argument that the loyalists aim not opened their eyeball to the faults of the British form of government. Paine says that those in favor of the current form of government feel that way more from national pride than reason. Paine conten ds that there is no reason to feel loyalty to Britain. He feels that all the actions of Britain are in its self-interest. He feels the colonies would not need defending if Britain would not bring its enemies to the colonies. There would not have been a French and Indian war because the colonies would not be enemies of the French.

The Irony Depicted in Shakespeares Henry V Essay -- Henry IV Henry V

The Irony Depicted in Shakespeares henry V As Norman Rabkin has observed, Henry V is a dictation which organizes critics into rival camps of translation (35). It can be seen as a play that is ambiguous a play that exposes the playwrights own indecision a play that sharp takes sides in spare of nationalistic fervour which Shakespeare himself didnt believe in (35). All of these views, writes Rabkin, are wrong since according to him the plays ultimate power lies in its ability to quest in cardinal opposite directions, virtu exclusivelyy daring us to choose one of the two opposed interpretations (36). In fact, it is Rabkin that is wrong not in his liking that the play dares the earshot to choose, but rather, that a adaptation of Henry V cannot simultaneously contain all of the above. Another view would be that the ambiguity, the indecision, the disbelief and the squeeze choice, are all part and parcel of an urgently ironic reading. This can be justified through the ultimate iro ny of the play that as lineament driven, it lacks a realistic character to drive. The King, after all, is an abstract concept bounded by prescribed rules of conduct in contradiction to subjective agency. This reading borrows from post-colonial critiques much(prenominal) as Spivak, since it leads to billet as being responsible for generating its own excesses by virtue of what it is it winds up parodying itself. It is a devastating critique of governance and for those that seek to govern in this reading, Henry V may go beyond Machiavellian orchestrations to undermining the entire project of governance.Many literary critics have argued that Henry can be interpreted as Machiavellian in some respects, and this can be related to recurring themes of interio... ...polemic-- does not diminish but rather provokes and sustains a dialogic discourse. Admittedly, on that point is little risk of infection of this not happening without an ironic reading Henry V, after all, continues to be p erformed hundreds of years after it was written. But certainly an ironic reading brings us close-set(prenominal) to unexplored theatrical potentials, not to mention the dismantling --if only temporarily--of societal assumptions of governance.BibliographyBrennan, Anthony. Henry V. NY Twayne Publishers, 1992.Rabkin, Norman. Either/Or Responding to Henry V, William Shakespeares Henry V.NY Chelsea theatre of operations Publishers, 1988.Siemon, James R. The Image Bound range of a function and Iconoclasm in Henry V, William Shakespeares Henry V.Shakespeare, William. Henry V. The Norton Shakespeare Histories. Stephen Greenblat, General Editor.NY W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. The Irony Depicted in Shakespeares Henry V Essay -- Henry IV Henry V The Irony Depicted in Shakespeares Henry V As Norman Rabkin has observed, Henry V is a play which organizes critics into rival camps of interpretation (35). It can be seen as a play that is ambiguous a play that exposes the pl aywrights own indecision a play that aggressively takes sides in favour of nationalistic fervour which Shakespeare himself didnt believe in (35). All of these views, writes Rabkin, are wrong since according to him the plays ultimate power lies in its ability to point in two opposite directions, virtually daring us to choose one of the two opposed interpretations (36). In fact, it is Rabkin that is wrong not in his supposition that the play dares the audience to choose, but rather, that a reading of Henry V cannot simultaneously contain all of the above. Another view would be that the ambiguity, the indecision, the disbelief and the forced choice, are all part and parcel of an urgently ironic reading. This can be justified through the ultimate irony of the play that as character driven, it lacks a real character to drive. The King, after all, is an abstract concept bounded by prescribed rules of conduct in contradiction to subjective agency. This reading borrows from post-colonial cr itiques such as Spivak, since it leads to authority as being responsible for generating its own excesses by virtue of what it is it winds up parodying itself. It is a devastating critique of governance and for those that seek to govern in this reading, Henry V may go beyond Machiavellian orchestrations to undermining the entire project of governance.Many literary critics have argued that Henry can be interpreted as Machiavellian in some respects, and this can be related to recurring themes of interio... ...polemic-- does not diminish but rather provokes and sustains a dialogic discourse. Admittedly, there is little danger of this not happening without an ironic reading Henry V, after all, continues to be performed hundreds of years after it was written. But certainly an ironic reading brings us closer to unexplored theatrical potentials, not to mention the dismantling --if only temporarily--of societal assumptions of governance.BibliographyBrennan, Anthony. Henry V. NY Twayne Pub lishers, 1992.Rabkin, Norman. Either/Or Responding to Henry V, William Shakespeares Henry V.NY Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.Siemon, James R. The Image Bound Icon and Iconoclasm in Henry V, William Shakespeares Henry V.Shakespeare, William. Henry V. The Norton Shakespeare Histories. Stephen Greenblat, General Editor.NY W.W. Norton & Company, 1997.

Physics of Rainbows Essay -- physics rainbow rainbows

When the Suns decrepit is refracted on passing through tiny rain down droplets falling in the air a Rainbow is compriseed. Rainbows just now need light from the sun or the moon and a large amount of spherical raindrops to form in the atmosphere. The rainbows can be compared to mini prisms. The light is refracted (bending of light as it passes from one medium to another) and it causes different wavelengths (or colors) of the white light to separate. Whether these wavelengths of light will pass through the raindrop or reflect depends on the angle the light strikes the back of the raindrop. If a wavelength of the light strikes the back of the raindrop at an angle slight than 48 degree relative to the normal then the light will pass through the raindrop. However, if the light strikes the back of the raindrop at an angle greater than 48 degrees then the light will be reflected. The reflected light is refracted as it exits the raindrop, but the color or the wavelength does not change. This process is repeated for a large hail of raindrops, and a rainbow is formed. Its interesting to note, that the observer has his back to the sun and is facing the raindrops when viewing a rainbow. Thus geometry needs to be just right between the observer,the displace where it is raining, and the sun. The light from the sun passes over the observer, strikes rain droplets, and comes back to the observer. Yet, the Earth prevents us to see the whole arc of a rainbow. When the sun is higher(prenominal) in the sky, only a small arc of a rainbow cab be seen from land. The reason for that is that the arc cannot be followed below the horizon(the droplets in the air below the horizon cannot be seen). It is possible to see the full arc of rainbow when flying above the clouds in an airp... ...r than than the rainbow produced by direct light.Another type of reflective rainbow can be seen on weewee surfaces like puddles or ponds. After a heavy rainfall, there are lots of spherical floati ng on a water surface. Therefore, it ispossible for a rainbow to be formed from indirect light rays. One of the main sources of light is from light, which is reflected back of a water surface, such as a lake or ocean. If we aroma at two raindrops, the first contributes to the rainbow formed by rays direct from the sun, and the other drop contributes to the rainbow formed by the indirect rays (the one which are reflected off the water surface). The rays leaving both of the drops leave at 42 degrees to the paths at which they entered. Thus, it is clear that a rainbow produced by a reflected light source will appear higher in the sky than one formed by direct sunlight.

Effective Communication :: essays research papers

Effective communication is vital in teaching. Fento standards encourage teachers to select and organise relevant information understandably and concisely present information to learners clearly and in an appropriate formatUse a range of communication skills and methods appropriate to specific learners and to the subject being studied. (www.fento.org)The necessary information that we as practitioners be trying to impart to our learners needs to be transmitted in such a way as to eliminate as many barriers or elements of intercession as possible. However there can be numerous factors which hinder the message that we are trying to convey. This is concisely encapsulated by Petty The check and classify phase also provides vital feedback for the teacher. Is learning taking place? Am I teaching too quickly? Are they doing it properly? The importance of this feedback cannot be over-stressed. (Page 30)Petty here was recognising that a harsh barrier to learning is that the receiver may int erpret the message that we send in their own way, according to their common frames of reference, which may be different from ours as the sender. An easy trap for us as practitioners to fall in is the use of jargon. There may be terms or words that we may use regularly and are comfortable using, however, some of our learners may not pick up experienced or even up understand these terms. To help to minimise this confusion Reece and Walker suggest that Non verbal signals or even verbal signals, from the students should give us valuable feedback on the fiber of communications. (Page 271) Therefore we as practitioners must be vigilant in recognising the subtle or even not so subtle feedback on whether the information that we have imparted to the learners has been received in the context that it was sent. This may even include a question and answer session to determine understanding. The effective designing and use of effected and ICT learning materials. The availability of new type s of resources and new types of interaction can satisfy different learning preferences and present alternative ways of accessing the same information.Reece and Walker (page 181) A good aid is one which does a particular job to assist in the learning of a particular topic for a particular mathematical group of learners. But all learners are different. So, what works for one group does not necessarily work with another.Therefore, we must continue to evaluate any resources that we may design and create that it is appropriate for the purpose, each students learning style, ability and understanding.

Indian Killer Essays -- essays research papers

In Indian Killer Alexie uses a pulp-fiction form, the serial killer mystery, to frame the hearty issues facing American Indians. He populates the book with stock characters such as a grizzled ex-cop, a left-wing professor, a right-wing talk tuner personality, drunken bums, thuggish teenagers and a schizophrenic main character who serves as the most obvious suspect in a mystery that never quite resolves itself. bathroom Smith, the troubled Indian adopted by whites appears at first to be the main character, but in some respects he is what Alfred Hitchcock called a McGuffin. The flooring is built around him, but he is not truly the main character and he is not the heart of the story. His struggle, age pointing out one aspect of the American Indian work through, is not the central point. John Smiths experiences as an Indian adopted by whites have left him too befuddled and sad, from the first moment to the last, to serve as the storys true focus. The damage that had been done to John Smith was irreparable from the moment the story began. His death, while a gloomy ending for his character, is in many ways a release from his torment, as demonstrated by his rising from the point of impact and difference his body behind. The value of John Smith is to serve as an extreme example of the damage being done to Indian society.The heart of the story is the experience of Marie Polatkin. Unlike the somewhat stock characters that make up much of the mystery element of the novel, Marie is a fully real...