Pregnancy and Mood Stabilizing Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pregnancy and Mood Stabilizing Drugs - Essay Example From this study it is clear that drugs commonly prescribed for patients with depression or to bipolar disorder patients include valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine and lithium carbonate, all of which pose risks for the growing foetus. Based on various studies, it was found out that sodium valproate and carbamazepine pose highest risks for malformation or defects, reaching up to 7.2% increase in risks. Despite the possibilities for birth defects, most studies support the idea of continuing mood-stabilising medications all throughout pregnancy to reduce the likelihood of relapse or recurrence of manic or depressive episodes. This is because the benefits of using medications outweigh greater risks of psychotic episodes for the mother, resulting to suicidal attempts or infanticide, as well as bonding and attachment issues between the infant and the mother. Due to these, it is highly-recommended by psychiatrists that women of child bearing-age diagnosed with bipolar disorder or other re lated disorders regardless of relationship status or plans of getting pregnant must be well-informed of the risks in taking mood-stabilising medications and other prescriptions during pregnancy. In order to successfully achieve these goals, it is imperative that psychiatrists must strike a balance between medication use and outweighing the risks for foetal and infant malformation in women taking prescription drugs. Studies conducted during the 1970’s when psychotropic drugs were still subjected to tests revealed that the use of such drugs caused birth defects in infants, whose mothers were using medications while pregnant.  

Sickle Cell Disease Essay Example for Free

Sickle Cell Disease Essay Sickle cell disease is more prevalent in people whose ancestors resided in tropical or sub-tropical climates, for the reason that having one recessive sickle cell gene causes resistance to malaria, which is a common disease in those areas. Thus, those of African-American or Hispanic descent have a higher likelihood of having the disease. Today, nearly 72,000 Americans have sickle cell disease, with 1-in-2,000 newborns having the disease. Symptoms The misshapen blood cells that are formed as a result of sickle cell disease can cause multiple problems and patients show many symptoms as a result. The majority of the symptoms are caused by the blockages that can form in the blood vessels of the patients. Due to the irregular shape of the red blood cells, they cannot easily flow through the blood vessels in a linear formation like regular red blood cells, but instead they can clump together and form clots, constricting blood flow and oxygen supply. Symptoms of sickle cell disease include: irregular blood pressure, jaundice skin or eyes, pale skin, bone or joint pain, delayed growth, skin ulcers (common on the legs), anemia, constant headaches, dizziness, fatigue, organ or tissue damage, pulmonary hypertension, shortness of breath, numbness in the extremities, and stroke. Sickle cell disease is known to be extremely painful in many instances due to the damage of the blood vessels and organs in a patient’s body. Complications Sickle cell disease is extremely detrimental to one’s body, and due to the complications involved with the disease, it can become deadly. Many suffering from sickle cell disease are susceptible to strokes caused by arterial blockages near the brain, this is one of the deadlier complications involved with the disease. Patients can also develop acute chest syndrome (ACS) from blockages in the lungs. From the high blood pressure caused by the arterial blockages in the lungs, patients are commonly known to develop Pulmonary Hypertension as well. Due to blood clots and lack of oxygen, organs in patients with sickle cell disease commonly receive damage, which can cause these organs to malfunction. This can become especially life threatening when it occurs in the body’s vital organs, such as the heart, lungs, or brain. Blindness can also occur in those with sickle cell disease due to decreased blood flow to the eyes. Skin ulcers are common in patients with the disease. This is especially dangerous because ulcers are open wounds that cause the body to become extremely susceptible to infection and disease. Priapism can become prevalent in males with sickle cell anemia, due to the decreased amount of blood flow from the scrotum area that clots can cause. Treatment The standard of treatment with sickle cell disease has increased exponentially in the last few decades due to the latest medical advances. Yet, sadly, the goal of sickle cell disease treatment is to treat the symptoms so that they become less prevalent, because no cure for the disease has been developed. Although, hematologists are conducting promising research involving the disease. For example, bone marrow transplants are becoming increasingly effective in treating patients with sickle cell disease, with the success rate of transplants steadily climbing. Blood transfusions are becoming a biweekly occurrence for those suffering from the disease in an attempt to increase the level of normal red blood cells in a patient’s blood stream, preventing the worsening of said patient’s anemia. Common medications used to treat the symptoms of sickle cell anemia include: antibiotics (for treating infection), NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, for pain), opioids (for pain), and hydroxyurea (for pain). Nitric oxide has begun to show promise as a treatment for blood clots in the eyes of many hematologists. Nitric oxide has been shown to temporarily expand blood vessels, acting as an anticlotting agent, potentially preventing the major symptoms caused by sickle cell disease, but the administering of nitric oxide is still relatively new. Gene therapy research is accepted as an eventual cure for sickle cell disease and many inherited diseases, yet we currently lack the technology to manipulate genes in the specific manner desired. Prognosis Currently the average life expectancy for people with sickle cell disease is much higher than in the past, with many patients living well into their 50’s and older. Statistically, females with sickle cell disease live longer than their male counterparts. Sickle cell patients will inevitably experience pain as a result of the disease, and most suffer from small blockages in the arteries that are known to cause strokes and various other symptoms that are previously mentioned. Acute chest syndrome is also common in those with sickle cell disease. Ultimately, Sickle cell disease is harsh and constant, but the number of treatments and their levels of success are ever increasing. Sources Used United States. Department of Health and Human Services. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH). NHLBI, NIH. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 28 Sept. 2012. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. Sickle Cell Information Center. Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Information Center. Â  Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Information Center. Sickle Cell Information Center, 28 Apr. 2010. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. Staff, Mayo Clinic. Definition. Â  Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 26 Mar. 2011. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. Bownas, Jennifer. Sickle Cell Anemia Disease Profile. Â  Sickle Cell Anemia Disease Profile. Ornl. gov, 5 May 2005. Web. 04 Apr. 2013.

Cache Manager to Reduce the Workload of MapReduce Framework

Cache Manager to Reduce the Workload of MapReduce Framework Provision of Cache Manager to Reduce the Workload of MapReduce Framework for Bigdata application Ms.S.Rengalakshmi,  Mr.S.Alaudeen Basha Abstract: The term big-data refers to the large-scale distributed data processing applications that operate on large amounts of data. MapReduce and Apache’s Hadoop of Google, are the essential software systems for big-data applications. A large amount of intermediate data are generated by MapReduce framework. After the completion of the task this abundant information is thrown away .So MapReduce is unable to utilize them. In this approach, we propose provision of cache manager to reduce the workload of MapReduce framework along with the idea of data filter method for big-data applications. In provision of cache manager, tasks submit their intermediate results to the cache manager. A task checks the cache manager before executing the actual computing work. A cache description scheme and a cache request and reply protocol are designed. It is expected that provision of cache manager to reduce the workload of MapReduce will improve the completion time of MapReduce jobs. Key words: big-data; MapReduce; Hadoop; Caching. I. Introduction With the evolution of information technology, enormous expanses of data have become increasingly obtainable at outstanding volumes. Amount of data being gathered today is so much that, 90% of the data in the world nowadays has been created in the last two years [1]. The Internet impart a resource for compiling extensive amounts of data, Such data have many sources including large business enterprises, social networking, social media, telecommunications, scientific activities, data from traditional sources like forms, surveys and government organizations, and research institutions [2]. The term Big Data refers to 3 v’s as volume, variety, velocity and veracity. This provides the functionalities of Apprehend, analysis, storage, sharing, transfer and visualization [3].For analyzing unstructured and structured data, Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and Mapreduce paradigm provides a Parallelization and distributed processing. Huge amount data is complex and difficult to process using on-hand database management tools, desktop statistics, database management systems or traditional data processing applications and visualization packages. The traditional method in data processing had only smaller amount of data and has very slow processing [4]. A big data might be petabytes (1,024 terabytes) or exabytes (1,024 petabytes) of data composed of billions to trillions of records of millions of people—all from different sources (e.g. Web, sales, customer center for communication, social media. The data is loosely structured and most of the data are not in a complete manner and not easily accessible[5]. The challenges include capturing of data, analysis for the requirement, searching the data, sharing, storage of data and privacy violations. The trend to larger data sets is due to the additional information derivable from analysis of a single large set of data which are related to one another, as matched to distinguish smaller sets with the same total density of data, expressing correlations to be found to identify business routines[10].Scientists regularly find constraints because of large data sets in areas, including meteorology, genomics. The limitations also affect Internet search, financial transactions and information related business trends. Data sets develop in size in fraction because they are increasingly accumulated by ubiquitous information-sensing devices relating mobility. The challenge for large enterprises is determining who should own big data initiatives that straddle the entire organization. MapReduce is useful in a wide range of applications,such as distributed pattern-based searching technique, sorting in a distributed system, web link-graph reversal, Singular Value Decomposition, web access log stats, index construction in an inverted manner, document clustering , machine learning, and machine translation in statistics. Moreover, the MapReduce model has been adapted to several computing environments. Googles index of the World Wide Web is regenerated using MapReduce. Early stages of ad hoc programs that updates the index and various analyses can be executedis replaced by MapReduce. Google has moved on to technologies such as Percolator, Flume and MillWheel that provides the operation of streaming and updates instead of batch processing, to allow integrating live search results without rebuilding the complete index. Stable input data and output results of MapReduce are stored in a distributed file system. The ephemeral data is stored on local disk and retrieved by the reducers remotely. In 2001,Big data defined by industry analyst Doug Laney (currently with Gartner) as the three Vs : namevolume, velocity and variety [11]. Big data can be characterized by well-known 3Vs: the extreme density of data, the various types of data and the swiftness at which the data must be processed. II. Literature survey Minimization of execution time in data processing of MapReduce jobs has been described by Abhishek Verma, Ludmila Cherkasova, Roy H. Campbell [6]. This is to buldge their MapReduce clusters utilization to reduce their cost and to optimize the Mapreduce jobs execution on the Cluster. Subset of production workloads developed by unstructured information that consists of MapReduce jobs without dependency and the order in which these jobs are performed can have good impact on their inclusive completion time and the cluster resource utilization is recognized. Application of the classic Johnson algorithm that was meant for developing an optimal two-stage job schedule for identifying the shortest path in directed weighted graph has been allowed. Performance of the constructed schedule via unquantifiable set of simulations over a various workloads and cluster-size dependent. L. Popa, M. Budiu, Y. Yu, and M. Isard [7]: Based on append-only, partitioned datasets, many large-scale (cloud) computations will operate. In these circumstances, two incremental computation frameworks to reuse prior work in these can be shown: (1) reusing similar computations already performed on data partitions, and (2) computing just on the newly appended data and merging the new and previous results. Advantage: Similar Computation is used and partial results can be cached and reused. Machine learning algorithm on Hadoop at the core of data analysis, is described by Asha T, Shravanthi U.M, Nagashree N, Monika M [1] . Machine Learning Algorithms are recursive and sequential and the accuracy of Machine Learning Algorithms depend on size of the data where, considerable the data more accurate is the result. Reliable framework for Machine Learning is to work for bigdata has made these algorithms to disable their ability to reach the fullest possible. Machine Learning Algorithms need data to be stored in single place because of its recursive nature. MapRedure is the general and technique for parallel programming of a large class of machine learning algorithms for multicore processors. To achieve speedup in the multi-core system this is used. P. Scheuermann, G. Weikum, and P. Zabback [9] I_O parallelism can be exploited in two ways by Parallel disk systems namely inter-request and intra-request parallelism. There are some main issues in performance tuning of such systems.They are: striping and load balancing. Load balancing is performed by allocation and dynamic redistributions of the data when access patterns change. Our system uses simple but heuristics that incur only little overhead. D. Peng and F. Dabek [12] an index of the web is considered as documents can be crawled. It needs a continuous transformation of a large repository of existing documents when new documents arrive.Due to these tasks, databases do not meet the the requirements of storage or throughput of these tasks: Huge amount of data(in petabytes) can be stored by Google’s indexing system and processes billions of millions updates per day on wide number of machines. Small updates cannot be processed individually by MapReduce and other batch-processing systems because of their dependency on generating large batches for efficiency. By replacing a batch-based indexing system with an indexing system based on incremental processing using Percolator, we process the similar number of data documents averagely per day, happens during the reduction of the average age of documents in Google search which is resulted by 50%. Utilization of the big data application in Hadoop clouds is described by Weiyi Shang, Zhen Ming Jiang, Hadi Hemmati, Bram Adams, Ahmed E. Hassan, Patrick Martin[13]. To analyze huge parallel processing frameworks, Big Data Analytics Applications is used. These applications build up them using a little model of data in a pseudo-cloud environment. Afterwards, they arrange the applications in a largescale cloud situation with notably more processing organize and larger input data. Runtime analysis and debugging of such applications in the deployment stage cannot be easily addressed by usual monitoring and debugging approaches. This approach drastically reduces the verification effort when verifying the deployment of BDA Apps in the cloud. Matei Zaharia, Mosharaf Chowdhury, Michael J. Franklin, Scott Shenker, Ion Stoica [14] MapReduce and its variants have been highly successful in implementing large-scale data-intensive applications on clusters of commodity base. These systems are built around an model which is acyclic in data flow which is very less suitable for other applications. This paper focuses on one such class of applications: those that reuse a working set of data across multiple operations which is parallel. This encompasses many machine learning algorithms which are iterative. A framework cnamed Spark which ropes these applications and retains the scalability and tolerantes fault of MapReduce has been proposed. To achieve these goals, Spark introduces an abstraction called resilient distributed datasets (RDDs). An RDD is a read-only collection of objects which are partitioned across a set of machines. It can be rebuilt if a partition is lost. Spark is able to outperform Hadoop in iterative machine learning jobs and can be used to interactively query around and above 35 GB dataset with sub-second response time. This paper presents an approach cluster computing framework named Spark, which supports working sets while providing similar scalability and fault tolerance properties to MapReduce III. Proposed method An Objective of proposed System is to the underutilization of CPU processes, the growing importance of MapReduce performance and to establish an efficient data analysis framework for handling the large data Drift in the workloads from enterprise through the exploration of data handling mechanism like parallel database such as Hadoop. Figure 1: Provision of Cache Manager III.A.Provision of Dataset To Map Phase : Cache refers to the intermediate data that is produced by worker nodes/processes during the execution of a Map Reduce task. A piece of cached data is stored in a Distributed File System (DFS). The content of a cache item is described by the original data and the operations applied. A cache item is explained by a 2-tuple: Origin, Operation. The name of a file is denoted by Origin in the DFS. Linear list of available operations performed on the Origin file is denoted by Operaion. Example, consider in the word count application, each mapper node or process emits a list of word, counting tuples that record the count of each word in the file that the mapper processes. Cache manager stores this list to a file. This file becomes a cache item. Here, item refers to white-space-separated character strings. Note that the new line character is also considered as one of the whitespaces, so item precisely captures the word in a text file and item count directly corresponds to the word count operat ion performed on the data file. The input data are get selected by the user in the cloud. The input files are splitted. And then that is given as the input to the map phase. The input to the map phase are very important. These input are processed by the map phase. III.B.Analyze in Cache Manager: Mapper and reducer nodes/processes record cache items into their local storage space. On the completion of these operations , the cache items are directed towards the cache manager, which acts like an inter-mediator in the publish/subscribe model. Then recording of the description and the file name of the cache item in the DFS is performed by cache manager. The cache item should be placed on the same machine as the worker process that generates it. So data locality will be improved by this requirement. The cache manager maintains a copy of the mapping between the cache descriptions and the file names of the cache items in its main memory to accelerate queries. Permanently to avoid the data loss, it also flushes the mapping file into the disk periodically. Before beginning the processing of an input data file, the cache manager is contacted by a worker node/process. The file name and the operations are send by the worker process that it plans to apply to the file to the cache manager. Upon receiving this message, the cache manager compares it with the stored mapping data. If an exact match to a cache item is found, i.e., its origin is the same as the file name of the request and its operations are the same as the proposed operations that will be performed on the data file, then a reply containing the tentative description of the cache item is sent by the cache manager to the worker process.On receiving the tentative description,the worker node will fetch the cache item. For processing further, the worker has to send the file to the next-stage worker processes. The mapper has to inform the cache manager that it already processed the input file splits for this job. These results are then reported by the cache manager to the next phase reducers. If the cache service is not utilized by the reducers then the output in the map phase can be directly shuffled to form the input for the reducers. Otherwise, a more complex process is performed to get the required cache ite ms. If the proposed operations are different from the cache items in the manager’s records, there are situations where the origin of the cache item is the same as the requested file, and the operations of the cache item are a strict subset of the proposed operations. On applying some additional operations on the subset item, the item is obtained. This fact is the concept of a strict super set. For example, an item count operation is a strict subset operation of an item count followed by a selection operation. This fact means that if the system have a cache item for the first operation, then the selection operation can be included, that guarantees the correctness of the operation. To perform a previous operation on this new input data is troublesome in conventional MapReduce, because MapReduce does not have the tools for readily expressing such incremental operations. Either the operation has to be performed again on the new input data, or the developers of application need to manually cache the stored intermediate data and pick them up in the incremental processing. Application developers have the ability to express their intentions and operations by using cache description and to request intermediate results through the dispatching service of the cache manager.The request is transferred to the cache manager. The request is analyzed in the cache manager. If the data is present in the cache manager means then that is transferred to the map phase. If the data is not present in the cache manager means then there is no response to the map phase. IV.Conclusion Map reduce framework generates large amount of intermediate data. But, this framework is unable to use the intermediate data. This system stores the task intermediate data in the cache manager. It uses the intermediate data in the cache manager before executing the actual computing work.It can eliminate all the duplicate tasks in incremental Map Reduce jobs. V. Future work In the current system the data are not deleted at certain time period. It decreases the efficiency of the memory. The cache manager stores the intermediate files. In future, these intermediate files can be deleted based on time period will be proposed. New datasets can be saved. So the memory management of the proposed system can be highly improved. VI. References [1] Asha, T., U. M. Shravanthi, N. Nagashree, and M. Monika. Building Machine Learning Algorithms on Hadoop for Bigdata. International Journal of Engineering and Technology 3, no. 2 (2013). [2] Begoli, Edmon, and James Horey. Design Principles for Effective Knowledge Discovery from Big Data. In Software Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA), 2012 Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on, pp. 215-218. IEEE, 2012. [3] Zhang, Junbo, Jian-Syuan Wong, Tianrui Li, and Yi Pan. A comparison of parallel large-scale knowledge acquisition using rough set theory ondifferent MapReduce runtime systems. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning (2013) [4] Vaidya, Madhavi. Parallel Processing of cluster by Map Reduce. International Journal of Distributed Parallel Systems 3, no. 1 (2012). [5] Apache HBase. Available at http://hbase.apache.org [6] Verma, Abhishek, Ludmila Cherkasova, and R. Campbell. Orchestrating an Ensemble of MapReduce Jobs for Minimizing Their Makespan. (2013): 1-1. [7] L. Popa, M. Budiu, Y. Yu, and M. Isard, Dryadinc:Reusing work in large-scale computations, in Proc. ofHotCloud’09, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2009 [8] T. Karagiannis, C. Gkantsidis, D. Narayanan, and A.Rowstron, Hermes: Clustering users in large-scale e-mailservices, in Proc. of SoCC ’10, New York, NY, USA, 2010. [9] P. Scheuermann, G. Weikum, and P. Zabback, Datapartitioning and load balancing in parallel disk systems,The VLDB Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 48-66, 1998. [10] Parmeshwari P. Sabnis, Chaitali A.Laulkar , â€Å"SURVEY OF MAPREDUCE OPTIMIZATION METHODS†, ISSN (Print): 2319- 2526, Volume -3, Issue -1, 2014 [11] Puneet Singh Duggal ,Sanchita Paul ,â€Å" Big Data Analysis:Challenges and Solutions†, International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and Trust 2013, Nov 13-15, RGPV [12] D. Peng and F. Dabek, Largescale incremental processingusing distributed transactions and notifications, in Proc. ofOSDI’ 2010, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2010 [13] Shvachko, Konstantin, Hairong Kuang, Sanjay Radia, and Robert Chansler. The hadoop distributed file system. In Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST), 2010 IEEE 26th Symposium on, pp. 1-10. IEEE, 2010. [14] â€Å"Spark: Cluster Computing withWorking Sets â€Å"Matei Zaharia, Mosharaf Chowdhury, Michael J. Franklin, Scott Shenker, Ion Stoica University of California, Berkeley

Residential Schools in Canada

Residential Schools in Canada The Canadian government and the Christian churches formerly introduced residential schools with the purpose of assimilating Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. This research report will provide a brief background on the origination of residential schools in Canada. The report will examine the consequences of residential schools, the parties involved in negotiations, the outcomes of the negotiations and its impact on independent parties. Canadas first residential school- The Mohawk Institute located in Brantford, Ontario, opened in 1831. In residential schools, enrollment of girls started in the year 1834. In the eyes of the Bagot Commision, Mohawk Institute made the perfect model for all other schools. The commission also recommended separating Indigenous children from their families in order to accomplish an effective assimilation. In 1884, various modifications to the Indian Act of 1876 permitted the formation of residential schools across Canada. Simultaneously, traditional Indigenous ceremonies were prohibited by the Canadian government. By the year 1896, in totality, 45 residential schools were operating across the country. Such detrimental enforcements caused conflicts between the parties involved- the Canadian government, churches, and the Indigenous communities. Issues were to be discovered and negotiations were to take place between the parties. The Canadian Government The Christian Churches The Canadian government and the Christian churches are the parties that ignited the conflict with Indigenous people. Government funded the residential schools as it felt the need to civilize Indigenous peoples and controlling education served as the prime approach. In 1857, under the Gradual Civilization Act, Indigenous men who were 21 years of age, had to be literate in either English or French. Churches and key leaders like Sir John A. MacDonald (Canadas first Prime Minister) were set to end the cultural differences faced with the Indigenous communities. Just over 130 residential schools were active across the country from 1831 to 1996. Indigenous Communities Indigenous communities include Metis, First Nations (also known as Indians), and Inuit. The children of these communities were being converted to Christianity against their will. Not attending residential schools put the future of Indigenous families at stake. Next, the issues caused by the residential schools and issues faced by the Indigenous children and their families will be examined. Residential school system was responsible for cultural genocide. Historisca Canada, defines the term cultural genocide as, the intentional eradication and destruction of cultural artifacts and structures, the banning of cultural activities, and the obliteration of social structures rooted in unique cultures. Likewise, the prime goal of residential school system was to segregate Indigenous children from their families and communities in order to conform them into Euro-Canadian culture. The attempt of forceful assimilation caused Indigenous people to terminate their distinct legal, social, cultural, religious, and racial entities in Canada. This was made possible by compulsorily isolating Indigenous children from their communities and enrolling them in residential schools. Students were banned to speak in their mother tongue and perform their traditional art forms, such as dance and music. As residential schools were underfunded, the living conditions were very poor. The residential sc hools were getting overcrowded as The Gradual Civilization Act started awarding 50 acres of land to any Indigenous male who were willing to under the pressure of running a family, give up tribal membership. Residential students were facing starvation, and students suffered through abuse in terms of physical, emotional, and sexual, on a daily basis. The immeasurable damage caused by the residential schools resulted in intergenerational trauma that continues to affect Indigenous people even today. It is evident that there is a severe conflict between the parties; so did anyone try to initiate a negotiation? Or even bring forth the conflict publicly and speak up? The next section covers key people who publicized the conflict and initiated a negotiation. Key Influential People Dr. P. H. Bryce In 1907, Dr. P. H. Bryce was the first to officially without any bias examine the conditions of residential schools. In Canadas Department of the Interior and Indian Affairs, Dr. Bryce was the chief medical officer in the years 1904 to 1921. After having examined the conditions at residential schools, he announced that the Indigenous childrens mortality rate was approximately 42%. It was the first time in the history of residential schools that, the government was exposed of its suppression of statistics on Indigenous peoples health. It was extremely brave of Dr. Bryce to expose the government in his 1922 publication- The Story of a National Crime. Chanie Charlie Wenjack Chanies death had raised questions on the Indian education and its philosophy at the time. On November 17, 1966, a jury declared their verdict of holding an autopsy for Chanie Charlie Wenjacks death. Throughout 1960-1980s, residential schools had started to close down. In the year 1969, the agreement between the Canadian government and churches had officially ended. As a result, the Department of Indian Affairs was in charge for the remainder of schools running. With the immense responsibility in the hands of the Department of Indian Affairs, in 1979, the remaining 12 residential schools were evaluated. An initiation was in place by making school administration more culturally aware, keeping in mind the requirements of Indigenous children. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples was instigated by the respective Prime Minister Brain Mulroney, in the year 1991. The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples consisted of seven commissioners who would generate a report regarding the effects of residential schools on generations. The final report was concluded in 1996. The report made 440 recommendations as to how the relationships between Indigenous people, non-Indigenous people and Canadas government could be resolved. As far as negotiation was concerned, the Royal Commission had proposed to take on the accommodative approach in order to keep peace and encourage mutuality in the future. During the 1980 and 1990s, previous students of residential schools held campaigns to get the churches and the government to acknowledge the schools exploitations and to receive some form of compensation. In the year 1998, a Statement of Reconciliation was finally issued by the Canadian government. The statement recognized the cruelties suffered by former Indigenous students by establishing the Aboriginal Healing Foundation. In an attempt of using the negotiation tactic of Give Something to Get Something, in 2003, the Alternative Dispute Resolution process was put in place. This process allowed for an out-of-court mechanism in providing compensation and psychological support. The Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement (IRSSA) In terms of negotiation, the residential school conflict deals greatly with the cultural context. When it comes to culture in negotiation, there are three main rules. First is to learn the other sides culture. Second, never to stereotype. Third is finding ways to bridge the culture gap. The third rule is exactly what the Canadian government was offering by establishing the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement in 2007. Under the IRSSA, survivors of residential schools are offered compensation. Part of the IRSSA is the Common Experience Payment, which is paid out on the basis of how many years the victim has attended residential school. Not to forget the Independent Assessment Process through which every statement of sexual, psychological or physical abuse, was resolved on case-by-case basis. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) June 1, 2008, marked the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). Reportedly, $60 million had been put aside for TRC. The TRC has been put in effect for a span of five years to manuscript the truth regarding the conditions of residential schools and rightly inform all Canadians. The TRC is a great platform for victims and their families to vocalize their experiences. Through national events held in different parts of the country such as Winnipeg, it becoming easier to raise public awareness of the truth. TRC is an effective tool in order to create a comprehensive historical record on the residential schools. It is the least to say that residential schools produced immeasurable damage by disrupting healthy Indigenous communities and causing long-term intergenerational problems. However, with the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in effect both parties have come to peace with each other. Not to forget, the apology made by the former Prime Minister Stephen Harper in 2008, on behalf of the Canadian government to the former students of residential schools. It would be correct to say that Indigenous people no longer would feel like outsiders after seeing the recent progress made by the TRC. In 2015, in the final report of TRC Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future, is officially the documentation consisting the awful experiences of the past residential school students. Keeping in mind the ultimate goal of resolving conflicts with the Indigenous communities, the final report states 94 Calls of Action. Having said that, their is great hope for the success of the Indian Residential School Settlement. References CBC News (2016, March 21). A history of residential schools in Canada. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/a-history-of-residential-schools-in-canada-1.702280 Historica Canada. (2015, December 31). Residential Schools in Canada: Education Guide. Retrieved from http://education.historicacanada.ca/files/103/ResidentialSchools_Printable_Pages.pdf Kennedy, Mark. (2015, December 14). Residential schools to blame for problems plaguing aboriginals: Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Retrieved from http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/residential-schools-to-blame-for-problems-plaguing-aboriginals-truth-and-reconciliation-commission Marshall, Tabitha (2016, September 29). Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-residential-schools-settlement-agreement/ Rice, Joanna. (2011, March). Indian Residential School Truth and Reconciliation Commision of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/indian-residential-school-truth-and-reconciliation Taylor, Adam. (2015, June 5). Did Canada commit a cultural genocide?. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/06/05/did-canada-commit-a-cultural-genocide/?utm_term=.90bc697961bf The Critical Thinking Consortium (2015, December 31). Background to residential schools. Retrieved from https://tc2.ca/uploads/backgroundbriefs/BBResSchools.pdf

Free Measure for Measure Essays: Analysis of Acts V-VI :: Measure for Measure

Analysis of Acts V-VI of Measure for Measure One of the things that struck me as odd in Act V, Scene I is how Mariana seems to recognize the disguised Duke. I don't know if this means that the Duke has disguised himself as a friar in the past. Another thing that struck me odd in this scene is how soon Mariana agrees to the Duke's plan. Here is a stranger (Isabella) convincing a young woman (Mariana) to have sex under very mysterious circumstances with a man who has rejected her. The plan is very strange but Mariana agrees so quickly that its hard to see how it was possible for Isabella to give Mariana the full explanations of the reasons behind the ruse. The Duke tries to justify the whole scheme once again by saying that Angelo is Mariana's husband on a "pre-contract." In Act IV, Scene II I found it ironic that if Pompey becomes an executioner and stops being a bawd and prisoner he will better himself and become honorable. I also found it ironic that the Duke, Isabella, and Mariana are conspiring and deceiving Angelo but Angelo, in turn, deceives the three by stepping up the date of Claudio's execution. It is like practically everyone in the play is backstabbing someone else. It also seems like the Duke is concocting all these schemes to do "the right thing." First he has a plan to place Mariana in substitution of Isabella to sleep with Angelo and now he plans to have someone else beheaded to trick Angelo into thinking it's Claudio's head. It seems to me that the Duke is acting as immoral as the rest of the city and Angelo. He seems to go by the belief that the ends justify the means. Is he really better than Angelo? Upon first reading in Act IV, Scene III how the Duke lies to Isabella when he tells her that Claudio has been executed, I could not help but think how cruel the Duke is and how he may be taking his role of friar too far. I also thought that he would rather make others suffer unnecessarily just so he can be sure that his plan to "get" Angelo is successful. Act IV, Scene IV just reiterates the fact of how selfish Angelo is. While he does express regret for having executed Claudio he still justifies his decision by saying that had Claudio lived he may have sought revenge against Angelo.

The Socioreligious Significance of Rice A comparison between two Southeast Asian societies :: essays papers

The Socioreligious Significance of Rice A comparison between two Southeast Asian societies ‘Without rice, there is nothing doing.’ Introduction. The fact that rice plays an important role in the lives of the peoples of Southeast Asia is undeniable. It is not just a form of sustenance that nourishes the body; it is also an aspect of everyday life that feeds not only the soul but the unbounded realms of the imaginative human mind. Such proverbs as above are an example of how rice is revered and incorporated in day-to-day living of the peoples in this region. Even outside the region, as in Mizumono Kuni – the Land of Luxurious Rice Crops that is Japan, the placement of rice is that of a very high level: †¦next to the Emperor, rice is the most sacred of all things on earth. Money can be squandered and the wastrel forgiven, but there is no forgiveness for wasting rice (Piper 1993:14). In Southeast Asia, rice is seen as the basis of almost all the cultures and civilizations ever created. It is also said to be responsible for the high populations of this region for if it wasn’t for rice that had replaced the millets and other staple food crops that preceded it, far fewer people could have been supported by agriculture (Piper 1993:1). The truth remains that the bulk of the cultures of Southeast Asia constitutes agriculturalists with rice as the main crop, with a few exceptions of course, in more industry-oriented nations for example. Two main elements can be derived: firstly, since rice has been the major crop cultivated in Southeast Asia for perhaps more than 7,000 years, surely cultures and civilization are interwoven with each other (Piper 1993:1). One can safely assume that that long a time must have been ample enough for gradual evolutions and intermixing of cultures and traditions, rituals and beliefs and so on that is closely linked to rice, so we can s ee similarities between cultures of different countries within this region that may have even perpetuated from the same roots. And the same goes to the careful selections of good varieties of rice over time. Secondly, rice is such an adaptive crop that it is not impossible to successfully grow it in different environments where crops could not have been grown successfully- from swampy valleys and deltas to hot, dry land above the floods and even in the mountain forests (Piper 1993:1).

Effects of Advertising on Children Essay

Overall view on advertisingAdvertising is the communication relayed from companies to persuade an audience to purchase their products. This communication is usually through various forms of paid media — TV and radio commercials, print ads, billboards and more recently, product placement. Ads are placed where advertisers believe they will reach the largest, most relevant audience. Commercial businesses use advertising to drive the consumption of their product, while non-profit organizations may place ads to raise awareness or encourage a change in behavior or perception. Advertising is the form of communication by fresh ways that the ad-filmmakers used to encourage, persuade or entice the consumers to buy their products. If an advertisement for a product attracts the consumers, they tend to purchase it frequently or at least give it a try. If a company has to survive in this competitive world, it has to project the image of its products in such a way that, they pick up the maximum sales. Nowadays, advertising plays an important role in the society, and since children form the major parts of the target group for advertisers, many advertisements focused on children are a proof of this fact. Today, children are watching more television than years ago, and thus viewing more advertisings. Many books have been written and many studies and reports done on the effects of TV advertising on children. In this presentation, we will look at some different positive and negative effects of TV advertisement on children, and give some suggestions as a solution to lim it negative effects of advertising on children. I. Positive effects of advertising on children – Advertising makes the kids aware of the new products available in the market. It increases their knowledge about the latest innovations in the field of technology. – Alive and flashy images with short messages like a motto, and charming models stimulate children’s imagination and their intelligence. – Certain advertisements, with strong messages motivate the kids in chasing their future prospects such as becoming a doctor, scientist or an engineer. They generate the passion in children, regarding their future and makes them realize the importance of education. – Some advertisements inculcate good habits in children, as all the toothpaste companies create strong awareness regarding dental hygiene in kids. II. Negative effects of advertising on children -Children may make excessive demands on their parents for the products they see in the advertisements. At times, they cry, pinch, pull and will not keep quiet till the parents purchase the product. Some parents who cannot control their children may fall in anger with them. -Junk food advertisements influence children greatly, leading to an increased demand for junk food by children. When children watch young adults eating junk foods in the advertisements they assume that it is good for the health. They are unaware of the fact that junk food does not contain nutritional value. They may even think that by eating these junk foods they might become like the thin and fit models in the advertisements. These unhealthy eating habits lead to diseases, such as obesity, heart diseases, high-blooded pressure. It even influences the way the kids think about the actual taste of food. – Children often tend to misinterpret the messages conveyed in commercial advertisments. They end up having wrong believes about many problems. Sometimes, they imitate the acts of models in the ad-films. For example, they can try smoking, drinking wine or beer. – As more and more advertisments are becoming animated, children are unable to understand the difference between real world and fantasy. They tend to have difficulties in doing tasks such as solving puzzles and reading. III. Solutions to limit negative effects of advertising on children – Parents play a major role in this case. Parents should teach their children of how to be critical of ads and how to become less influenced by the messages in the ads. Parents need to teach their children the importance and value of money. – Parents also need to instill good habits and help children to differentiate between right and wrong – Parents should limit the time of watching television of their children and spend more time playing with them or organize more outdoor activities for them. – Solutions from government: A few countries have banned marketing and advertising targeted at children below the age of twelve. One country has banned advertising of toys before 10 p.m. as it is at this time that children are mostly awake. Previously advertisers marketed children’s products towards parents. Parents were their target audience for these products. But nowadays, marketers aim their messages directly at children. Advertisements are made specifically in such a way that they draw the attention of children. The marketing messages are aimed directly at the children. – Advertisers on the other hand, can also try to put their message across creatively and target the entire family rather than just children. With a balanced approach, the negative effects of advertising can surely be controlled. I.Overall view of advertising 1. What is the advertising? – A form of marketing. – A method of mass promotion. – Purposes of advertising: + To introduce new products + To persuade the audience to purchase the product. + To cultivate brand identity 2. How does the advertising affect to people’s mind? – By the language – By the design – By the image and music II. Positive effects of advertising on children – Making the kids aware of the new products available in the market. – Stimulating children’s imagination and their intelligence. – Generating the passion in children and making them realize the importance of education. – Inculcating good habits in children. III. Negative effects of advertising on children -Making excessive demands on their parents for the products in the advertisements. – Increasing demand for junk food in children. – Misinterpreting the messages conveyed in commercial advertisments and imitating the acts of models. – Hardly differentiating the difference between real world and fantasy in the ads. III. Solutions to limit negative effects of advertising on children – Solutions from parents: +Teaching their children of how to be critical of ads and how to become less influenced by the messages in the ads and the importance and value of money. +Instilling good habits and helping children to differentiate between right and wrong. +Limit the time of watching television of their children and spending more time being with them. – Solutions from government: + Banning marketing and advertising targeted at children (related to time and the age of children) + Asking advertisers to target their messages to the entire family rather than just children. Advertising is all around us, it is an unavoidable part of everyone’s life. Some people say that advertising is a positive part of our lives while others say it is a negative one. Discuss both views and include your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. You should write at least 250 words. Advertising is all around us, it is an unavoidable part of everyone’s life. Some people say that advertising is a positive part of our lives while others say it is a negative one. Discuss both views and include your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. You should write at least 250 words. Of Course for several reasons: firstly, it motivates the psychological point in everyone, especially women. They will run to buy this advertised product especially if it’s from cosmetic roof, just to show their beauty to men, which will lead to more offender and raped cases. Secondly, you can sit comfortably with your family and suddenly the telephone is ringing, but it’s nothing important, it’s just another company try to convince you to buy one of their products. It is a real intrusive example of advertisement. Lastly, sometimes you do not have the financial ability to buy something, but with these new methods of advertisement, you will run to buy it, which will affect your budget. On the other hand, there are some good sides to advertising. For instance, it compares the prices of many companies which benefitthe consumer. Besides, it really opens our vision to see more products which we do not knowit unless the TV or Radio advertised them. In addition to, it breaks our daily routine and allows us to see new faces and learn the language better with the help of the daily updates they deliver through advertisement. In conclusion, as we can see there are many aspects to this essay. I feel that we gain no benefits at all from advertisement, it playson minds of people buy more things that they do not need it at all. Advertisements are all around us, and they vary greatly in their attempts to attract consumers. Some ads highlight the product’s features, while other ads’ content seems to be completely unrelated to the product they’re trying to sell. It’s the latter type of ads that shoppers need to be most wary of, according to a new study. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, and George Washington University focused on two different types of advertisements. The first type of ad, called â€Å"logical persuasion,† or LP, presents facts about the product, such as, â€Å"This car gets 42 miles to the gallon.† The second type of ad is referred to as â€Å"nonrational influence† (NI) because it circumvents consumers’ conscious awareness by depicting a fun, vague or sexy scene that seems to have nothing to do with the product. In the study, researchers showed advertising images to 11 women and 13 men while recording the electrical activity in their brains using electroencephalography (EEG). Each participant viewed 24 ads that had appeared in magazines and newspapers. The ads contained either LP or NI images. LP ads showed a table of facts and figures in a cigarette ad and suggestions about selecting food for dogs on the basis of their activity level in an ad for pet food. The NI advertisements included a liquor ad featuring an image of beading water and a cigarette ad showing a woman leapfrogging over a fire hydrant that is spraying water as a man grins behind her. The researchers found that the brain regions involved in decision-making and emotional processing (including the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate regions, the amygdala, and the hippocampus) experienced significantly higher activity levels when participants looked at the LP ads. These brain regions have been shown to help inhibit a person’s response to certain stimuli, such as preventing an impulse purchase. When participants viewed the NI advertisements, however, these regions of the brain did not show activity levels that were as high as what the individuals experienced when they viewed the LP ads. â€Å"Watch your brain and watch your wallet,† study researcher Ian Cook, a professor of psychiatry at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, said in a statement. â€Å"These results suggest that the lower levels of brain activity from ads employing NI images could lead to less behavioral inhibition, which could translate to less restraint when it comes to buying products depicted in the NI advertisements.† The study is published in the current edition of the Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics.